The efficiency of charging and discharging a battery. The overall battery cycle losses and efficiency. Assumptions that affect accuracy when determining capacity of a battery.
Assumed direction or a polarity always must be determined and known. Positive value means an actual direction of power flow matches assumed. Negative means that it is opposite.
In ordinary speech, we normally use only positive values as we assume reference directions that produce those values positive. In engineering, negative values are common!
Active and Passive Power Sign Conventions relate to sources and loads and determine the sign of an element's power flow. Avoid negative values by changing the convention!
Active and Reactive Powers do not necessarily flow in a same direction. What is a positive and what is a negative value of power flow? How does the value relate to a reference?
How to determine and calculate capacity of a battery, differentiate between charge & energy capacities, equivalent batteries based on the same energy stored
Parallel Branch Currents Question answered, what are electric nodes, branches, resistance and analysis of currents flowing in parallel paths
How to calculate Resistance in electrical circuit, application of resistance formula and common student mistakes (series & parallel connection)
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